Science and Technology  
   

DRDO Successfully Conducts Three Flight Trials of Indigenous VSHORADS off Odisha Coast.

On February 01, 2025, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully conducted three consecutive flight trials of the Very Short-Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS) from the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, off the coast of Odisha.

      - These tests were conducted against high-speed targets flying at very low altitudes.

     

     

Main Point :-   (i) During these tests, the surface-to-air missiles intercepted and completely destroyed targets with reduced thermal signatures, simulating low-flying drones in different flight conditions.

      (ii) These flight tests were conducted in the final deployment configuration, where two field operators performed weapon readiness, target acquisition, and missile firing.

About DRDO

Chairman : Dr. Samir Vankatpati Kamat

Headquarters : New Delhi

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"ISRO Astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla to Pilot NASA's Private Axiom Mission 4 and Becoming First Indian to Travel to ISS".

In January 2025, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) astronaut and Indian Air Force (IAF) fighter pilot, Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla, was named the pilot for Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4), a private spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS).

      - With this announcement, he will become the first Indian astronaut to travel to the ISS on a private mission and the first Indian in the past 40 years to journey into space.

      - Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla was commissioned into the IAF on June 17, 2006, and is a fighter combat leader and test pilot with nearly 2000 hours of flying experience, having flown a variety of aircraft including the Su-30 MKI, MIG-21, MiG-29, Jaguar, Hawk, Dornier, and more.

      - He was promoted to Wing Commander in June 2019 and Group Captain of the IAF in 2024, and is also one of the four astronaut-designates selected for India's ambitious Gaganyaan mission.

Main Point :-   (i) In 2023, NASA signed a mission order with Texas-based Axiom Space, an American space infrastructure developer, for the 4th private astronaut mission, Axiom Mission (Ax-4) to the ISS, with Axiom Space contracting SpaceX as the launch provider for transportation to and from the space station.

      (ii) The mission is scheduled to launch from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, USA, in 2025, and will dock with the ISS for 14 days to conduct scientific experiments, educational outreach, and commercial activities as part of the collaboration between NASA and ISRO.

(iii) The Ax-4 mission crew includes Peggy Whitson (USA), a former NASA astronaut and director of human spaceflight at Axiom Space, as the mission commander, along with Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski (Poland, ESA) and Tibor Kapu (Hungary) as mission specialists.

About ISRO

Founder: Vikram Sarabhai

Headquarters: Bengaluru

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GRSE Ltd & AMS Pvt Ltd Forge Partnership for Defence and Aerospace Collaboration.

On January 30, 2025, Kolkata, (West Bengal, WB) based Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Limited (GRSE) and Hyderabad (Telangana) based Apollo Micro Systems (AMS) Private Limited signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for a 5-year collaboration to enhance cutting-edge technologies and boost India’s Defence and Aerospace capabilities.

      - The partnership aims at joint Research and Development (R&D), co-production, and the supply of advanced Underwater Weapons and Vehicles, Underwater Mines, Underwater Communication Systems, and Air Defence Systems and Vehicles.

      - The MoU was signed between Commodore Shantanu Bose, Indian Navy (IN) (Retired), Director of Shipbuilding, GRSE Limited, and Karunakar Reddy Baddam, Managing Director (MD), AMS Private Limited, in the presence of Commodore P R Hari, IN (Retired), Chairman and Managing Director (MD), Subrato Ghosh, Deputy Inspector General (DIG), Indian Coast Guard (ICG) (Retired), and other senior officials from both companies.

      - The collaboration is focused on meeting the current and future requirements of the Indian Defence Forces (IDFs), Paramilitary Forces (PMFs), Police Organizations, Government Agencies at both Central and State levels, the Civil Sectors, and Global Export Markets.

Main Point :-   (i) A crucial aspect of this partnership is the enhancement of both companies' manufacturing infrastructure to produce critical components and sub-assemblies for advanced defence and aerospace systems.

      (ii) The collaboration includes services for the modernization and upgrade of existing systems, ensuring they align with evolving technological requirements and remain state-of-the-art.

(iii) Through this partnership, GRSE reinforces its commitment to strengthening indigenous capabilities and advancing the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' initiative.

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ISRO Achieves Historic 100th Mission with Successful GSLV-F15 Launch from Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.

On January 29, 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched the GSLV-F15/NVS-02 mission, carrying the NVS-02 satellite, from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh (AP). With this, ISRO completed its milestone 100th launch from the Sriharikota spaceport.

      - This mission marks the 17th flight of India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) and the 11th flight with an indigenous cryogenic stage. It is also the 8th operational flight of GSLV featuring an indigenous cryogenic upper stage.

      - Since 1979, ISRO has conducted 99 launches, including 62 launches by the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), followed by GSLV (16), Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3) (7), and Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) (4), among others.

     

Main Point :-   (i) The GSLV-F15 rocket, equipped with an indigenous cryogenic upper stage, successfully placed the NVS-02 satellite into the intended Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).

      (ii) NVS-02, the second satellite in the five-satellite second-generation Navigational Satellite (NVS) series (NVS-01/02/03/04/05), is designed to enhance the Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) system, ensuring improved and continuous services.

About Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

Chairman : V. Narayanan

Headquarters: Bengaluru

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MeerKAT Telescope in South Africa Discovers New Galaxy 'Inkathazo'.

In January 2025, South African researchers and astrophysicists discovered a new giant radio galaxy (GRG) named 'Inkathazo' using the MeerKAT telescope (formerly known as the Karoo Array Telescope (KAT)) in the Northern Cape province of South Africa.

      - The newly discovered galaxy spans 3.3 million light-years from end to end, making it 32 times the size of the Milky Way galaxy and located 1.44 billion light-years away from Earth.

      - The discovery was published in the scientific journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS).

     

Main Point :-   (i) Inkathazo, meaning "trouble" in South Africa’s isiXhosa and isiZulu languages, was named due to the complexities in understanding its physics.

      (ii) Giant Radio Galaxies (GRGs) are massive cosmic structures that emit jets of hot plasma, extending millions of light-years into space.

(iii) These radio-bright jets are powered by supermassive black holes located at the centers of galaxies.

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GalaxEye Space Solutions Deploys GLX-SQ Payload on ISRO's PSLV POEM Mission.

On January 23, 2025, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)-based startup GalaxEye Space Solutions Private Limited successfully deployed its GLX-SQ payload aboard the Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) Orbital Experimental Module-4 (POEM-4), which was launched on December 30, 2024.

      - This mission achieved the world's first-ever integration of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and optical imagery in orbit.

      - The innovative integration addresses critical needs across various sectors, including defence, agriculture, and disaster response. The mission highlights India’s growing capabilities in advanced space technology and startups contributing to global solutions.

      - The GLX-SQ payload processes Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images in space within 10 minutes, reducing 400 MB of raw data to under 1.5 MB for efficient transmission and minimized communication challenges.

Main Point :-   (i) SAR technology enables the capture of detailed images through clouds and darkness, enhancing Earth observation by providing reliable and actionable data in challenging conditions where traditional optical imagery is limited.

      (ii) The GLX-SQ payload was deployed as part of ISRO's POEM initiative, repurposing the 4th stage of the PSLV rocket to support experimental payloads, showcasing India’s innovative approach to space technology.

(iii) 'Mission Drishti': GalaxEye is preparing for its flagship mission, 'Mission Drishti', a multi-sensor satellite aimed at delivering all-weather, high-resolution imaging, positioning the company as a pioneer in remote sensing and satellite technology.

About GalaxEye Space Solutions Private Limited

CEO : Suyash Singh

Headquarters : Chennai, TN

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ISRO Sends Crew Module for Gaganyaan's First Uncrewed Mission.

In January 2025, the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) of ISRO, based in Bengaluru, Karnataka, dispatched the Crew Module for Gaganyaan's first uncrewed mission (G1) to the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. The module's integration with the liquid propulsion system has been successfully completed.

      - The CMPS is a bi-propellant Reaction Control System (RCS) designed for precise three-axis control—Pitch, Yaw, and Roll—of the crew module. This control is activated during the descent and re-entry phase after the separation of the Service Module, ensuring stability until the parachute-based deceleration system is deployed.

      - The CMPS is equipped with 12 thrusters, each generating 100N (Newton) of thrust. These small rocket motors are integral to spacecraft propulsion and are supported by a propellant feed mechanism and high-pressure gas bottles for efficient operation.

      - The CMUS, designed by the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), has also been incorporated into the Crew Module. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the module's orientation and stability during various phases of the mission.

Main Point :-   (i) The Crew Module will undergo further integration activities at VSSC, including the assembly of the avionics package, electrical harnessing, and extensive testing. Following these operations, it will be transferred to the U R Rao Satellite Centre in Bengaluru for the final step of Orbital Module integration.

      (ii) Gaganyaan is ISRO's ambitious crewed spacecraft project, aiming to launch astronauts into space by 2026. Once successful, India will join the ranks of Russia, the United States, and China as the fourth nation to achieve human spaceflight capabilities.

(iii) The Gaganyaan spacecraft comprises two key components: the Crew Module (CM), designed to house astronauts, and the Service Module (SM), which contains essential systems for propulsion and support. Together, they form the Orbital Module, vital for the mission's success. The Gaganyaan program highlights India's advancements in space technology, aiming to establish a strong foundation for future human space exploration while positioning India as a global leader in space endeavors.

About ISRO

Chairman : Dr. V. Narayanan

Headquarters: Bengaluru

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Sarla Aviation Unveils India's First Air Taxi Prototype, 'Shunya,' Set for Launch by 2028.

In January 2025, Sarla Aviation Private Limited, a Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based aerospace startup, unveiled India’s first electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) air taxi prototype, 'Shunya,' at the Bharat Mobility Global Expo 2025, held at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi.

      - Initially, the company plans to launch this electric air taxi in Bengaluru by 2028, making it the first to introduce urban air transport in India.

      - Sarla Aviation plans to expand its electric air taxi services to major cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Pune while also introducing a free air ambulance service to address urgent medical transportation needs in urban areas.

      - Sarla Aviation plans to offer competitively priced air taxi services, aligning with premium taxi rates, while also providing free air ambulance services to address medical emergencies effectively.

Main Point :-   (i) The Shunya air taxi, designed for short trips of 20-30 kilometers, can reach a top speed of 250 kmph, carry up to 6 passengers, and handle a maximum weight of 680 kg, making it the highest payload eVTOL vehicle in the market.

      (ii) Shunya will help reduce challenges like traffic congestion and pollution, which are common issues in many major Indian cities.

(iii) Sarla Aviation Private Limited is a startup founded in October 2023 by Adrian Schmidt, Rakesh Gaonkar, and Shivam Chauhan. The company is named after Sarla Thakral, who was India’s first female pilot. She earned her pilot’s license at the age of 21 in 1936.

About Sarla Aviation Private Limited

CEO: Adrian Schmidt

Headquarters: Bengaluru

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Digantara Launches SCOT, the World’s First Commercial Satellite for Advanced Space Monitoring.

In January 2025, Bengaluru (Karnataka)-based aerospace company Digantara, supported by the Aditya Birla Group and the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), launched the Space Camera for Object Tracking (SCOT) satellite, marking the world’s first commercial satellite for Space Situational Awareness (SSA).

      - Additionally, Indian space-tech startup XDLINX Space Labs launched high-tech satellites to monitor Earth and space objects.

      - These satellites were launched aboard SpaceX’s Transporter-12 mission from the Vandenberg Space Force Base in California, USA.

      - The Space Camera for Object Tracking (SCOT) enhances Space Situational Awareness (SSA) by providing accurate and reliable tracking capabilities, essential for preventing collisions and ensuring the safety of spacecraft in increasingly crowded Earth orbits.

Main Point :-   (i) XDLINX Space Labs launched the ELEVATION-1 satellite, featuring the world's first E-band communications payload to push data rates into the 10 Gbps range.

      (ii) The ELEVATION-1 satellite, developed by XDLINX and powered by Antaris' Cloud Platform, is a 6U cubesat designed to test the miniaturized space-grade E-band communication payload.

(iii) Data from the ELEVATION-1 satellite will be used to develop advanced propagation models for Almagest's global high-speed and Ultra-High Throughput Screening (UHTS) LEO constellation.

About Digantara

CEO :Anirudh Sharma

Headquarters: Bengaluru, Karnataka

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DRDO Successfully Tests India's First Scramjet Combustor for Hypersonic Technology Advancement.

In January 2025, DRDO, under the Ministry of Defence (MoD), conducted a 120-second ground test of an active cooled scramjet combustor, marking India's entry into advanced hypersonic technology development.

      - The combustor was designed and developed by the Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL), a DRDO unit in Hyderabad, Telangana, as part of India's hypersonic program.

      - A significant breakthrough was the development of a specialized endothermic scramjet fuel, enhancing cooling efficiency and enabling reliable ignition, completely designed in India.

      - DRDL created a high-temperature-resistant ceramic Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) to protect engine components, ensuring durability and performance under extreme heat, even beyond the melting point of steel.

Main Point :-   (i) The scramjet combustor demonstrated its ability to ignite and sustain stable combustion at airspeeds exceeding 1.5 kilometers per second, overcoming one of the most challenging aspects of scramjet technology.

      (ii) Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were employed to refine the design and improve the performance of the scramjet engine.

(iii) Hypersonic missiles, powered by scramjet engines, achieve speeds over Mach 5 (5,400 km/hr), offering unparalleled speed, precision, and the ability to evade current air defense systems, making them critical for modern defense strategies.

About Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)

Chairman : Sameer Venkatapathy Kamat

Headquarters: New Delhi

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ISRO Successfully Demonstrates Restart Capability of Vikas Liquid Engine.

In January 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), based in Bengaluru, Karnataka, successfully demonstrated the restart capability of its Vikas liquid engine at the Propulsion Complex in Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu. This achievement is a significant step towards developing stage recovery technologies for reusable launch vehicles.

      - During the test, the Vikas engine was fired for 60 seconds, shut off for 120 seconds, and then restarted to fire again for 7 seconds. All engine parameters during the test were within normal limits, meeting performance expectations.

      - The Vikas engine, a reliable workhorse for ISRO's liquid stages in launch vehicles, plays a crucial role in enhancing the versatility of ISRO's missions. Further tests are planned to optimize the engine's performance under restart conditions.

      - In the same month, ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan flagged off the core liquid stage (L110) of the Launch Vehicle Mark 3 (LVM3) from the ISRO Propulsion Complex in Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu, to the launch complex at Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.

Main Point :-   (i) The L110 stage, powered by twin Vikas engines with a propellant loading capacity of 110 tonnes, was designed and developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

      (ii) The L110 stage is designated for the LVM3 mission under a commercial agreement between NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), based in Bengaluru, Karnataka, and AST SpaceMobile & Science LLC, USA, to launch the BlueBird Block 2 satellite.

(iii) The L110 stage, which is the tenth liquid core stage integrated at the ISRO Propulsion Complex, reflects ISRO's continued advancements in liquid propulsion technology and its commitment to commercial space ventures.

About Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

Chairman : V. Narayanan

Headquarters : Bengaluru, Karnataka

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Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin Successfully Launches 'New Glenn Rocket' on First Test Flight.

In January 2025, Blue Origin Enterprises, L.P., the American space technology company founded by Amazon's Executive Chairman Jeff Bezos and headquartered in Washington, USA, successfully launched its reusable 'New Glenn (NG) rocket' on its first test flight from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. The rocket was named after John Glenn, the first American to orbit Earth.

      - The mission, named NG-1, involved a first-stage booster landing in the Atlantic Ocean, while the rocket's second stage continued towards orbit. The 320-foot (98-meter) rocket successfully deployed a prototype satellite into orbit, designed for satellite deployment.

      - The mission aimed to demonstrate the rocket's capabilities by placing the Blue Ring Pathfinder test satellite into orbit and landing the rocket's booster onto a drone ship in the Atlantic Ocean. The rocket is designed to transport spacecraft and eventually astronauts to orbit and the Moon.

      - The first-stage booster did not land on a barge in the Atlantic, but the company highlighted that the main mission was successful.

Main Point :-   (i) During the test, the satellite remained inside the second stage while orbiting Earth. The mission was planned to last six hours, with the second stage being placed into a safe orbit after completion to avoid space debris, following NASA's guidelines.

      (ii) New Glenn is one of several large rockets launched in recent years, joining United Launch Alliance's Vulcan, Europe's updated Ariane 6, and NASA's Space Launch System (SLS), which replaced the Saturn V for lunar missions.

(iii) SpaceX's Starship, founded by Elon Musk, is the largest rocket ever built, standing about 400 feet (123 meters) tall.

About Blue Origin Enterprises, L.P

CEO : Dave Limp

Headquarters : Washington, the United States of America (USA)

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SpaceX's Falcon 9 Rocket Launches Blue Ghost and Resilience Lunar Landers from Kennedy Space Center.

On January 15, 2025, SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket launched two lunar landers—Blue Ghost and Resilience—from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, USA.

      - Blue Ghost, the primary payload, is led by Firefly Aerospace from Texas, USA, while the secondary payload, Resilience, is spearheaded by Japan-based ispace Inc.

      - The two lunar landers have different timelines, with Blue Ghost expected to reach the Moon first, taking about 45 days to reach lunar orbit and land near Mons Latreille, a volcanic feature in Mare Crisium.

      - Blue Ghost's mission, targeting a landing on March 2, 2025, will span 60 days, with 45 days in orbit and 14 days of surface operations. Key payloads include the LUGRE GNSS Receiver Experiment for lunar navigation and RadPC for radiation-tolerant computing.

Main Point :-   (i) The Resilience mission, also known as Hakuto-R Mission 2, focuses on deploying innovative technologies and cultural payloads.

      (ii) Resilience will land in Mare Frigoris and carry the Tenacious Micro Rover, built by ispace-Europe, designed to collect lunar regolith, capture HD images, and transmit data to the lander.

(iii) Both missions are part of ongoing international efforts to expand lunar exploration and technological advancements, with a focus on navigation, robotics, and cultural contributions.

About Firefly Aerospace

CEO : Jason Kim

Headquarters : Texas, United States of America (USA)

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FICCI Projects India's GDP Growth at 6.4% for FY25, Down from 7.0% in FY24.

In January 2025, the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) released its Economic Outlook Survey. The survey projects India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth for 2024-25 at 6.4%, marking a decline from the 7.0% estimated in September 2024 and the 8.2% growth achieved in 2023-24

      - Conducted in December 2024, the survey attributes the economic moderation to global uncertainties and domestic challenges.

      - Consumer Price Index (CPI)-based inflation is projected at 4.8% for 2024-25, consistent with the Reserve Bank of India's (RBI) forecast in December 2024, with expectations of a decline in food inflation.

      - Consumer spending, agriculture, and rural consumption are expected to recover, with agriculture growing at 3.6%, and industrial and services sectors rising by 6.3% and 7.3% respectively.

Main Point :-   (i) Growth will be supported by government-led investments in infrastructure, housing, logistics, and significant growth in manufacturing, electronics, and pharmaceuticals sectors.

      (ii) Growth may be hindered by geopolitical uncertainties, trade disruptions, climate-induced challenges, and rising public debt levels.

(iii) Exports are projected at USD 450.5 billion, and imports at USD 729.6 billion for 2024-25.

About Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry_(FICCI)

President : Harsha Vardhan Agarwal

Headquarters : New Delhi

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L&T Unveils Second Multi-Purpose Vessel 'INS Utkarsh' for the Indian Navy.

In January 2025, Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Larsen & Toubro Limited (L&T) launched the Indian Navy's (IN) second Multi-Purpose Vessel (MPV), named 'Indian Naval Ship (INS) Utkarsh', from its shipyard in Kattupalli, near Chennai, Tamil Nadu (TN).

      - This launch comes just three months after the launch of the first MPV, INS Samarthak.

      - The vessel was launched by Dr. Sushmita Misra Singh, wife of Union Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh, Ministry of Defence (MoD). The event was attended by senior Navy officials, including Vice Admiral B. Sivakumar and Rear Admiral Vishal Bishnoi.

      - The INS Utkarsh was designed at L&T's Warship Design Centre in Chennai and constructed at the L&T Shipbuilding Limited in Kattupalli.

Main Point :-   (i) The MPV is 107 meters (m) long, 18.6 m wide, weighs over 3,750 tonnes (t), and can reach speeds of up to 50 knots.

      (ii) It is designed to perform various tasks, including maritime surveillance, humanitarian assistance, pollution control, testing indigenous weapons and sensors to promote self-reliance in defense technology, and aiding in ship navigation, showcasing its versatility.

(iii) Along with these MPVs, L&T is constructing three Cadet Training Ships and six other defense vessels for the IN under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP).

About Larsen & Toubro (L&T) Limited

CMD : Sekharipuram Narayanan (SN) Subrahmanyan

Headquarter : Mumbai

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Pixxel, Backed by Google, Launches First Three Satellites of Firefly Constellation.

Mumbai (Maharashtra)-based Pixxel, backed by Google, successfully launched the first three satellites of its Firefly constellation, marking India's first private satellite constellation.

      - The satellites were launched aboard SpaceX's Transporter-12 mission from Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, USA. The second phase, with three more Firefly satellites, is scheduled for Q2 2025.

      - The Firefly constellation features the world's highest-resolution commercial-grade hyperspectral satellites, with a resolution six times sharper than existing ones.

      - The satellites, integrated by Exolaunch, have a resolution of 5 meters, far superior to the standard 30 meters, and can capture data across more than 150 spectral bands.

Main Point :-   (i) These satellites enable precise monitoring of vegetation health, water quality, chemical compositions, and atmospheric conditions, making them vital for agriculture, climate monitoring, resource management, and environmental protection.

      (ii) Operating at approximately 550 kilometers in a sun-synchronous orbit, the satellites cover a swathe width of 40 kilometers, with daily revisit capability, ensuring continuous monitoring of large areas.

(iii) Bengaluru-based aerospace company Digantara, backed by the Aditya Birla Group, launched its Space Camera for Object Tracking (SCOT) mission aboard the same SpaceX Transporter-12 mission, designed for detecting and tracking objects as small as 5 cm.

About Pixxel

Founder and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) : Awais Ahmed

Headquarter : Mumbai

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India Successfully Test Fires Its First Indigenous Micro-Missile System, 'Bhargavastra'.

In January 2025, Economic Explosives Limited (EEL), a subsidiary of Solar Industries India Limited, successfully test-fired India's first guided micro-missiles as part of its 'Bhargavastra' counter-drone system, developed independently by the private sector without formal requests from the Indian Armed Forces.

      - This system, developed by Economic Explosives Limited (EEL) without formal requisitions from the Indian Armed Forces, is designed for the Indian Army and successfully hit virtual targets over 2.5 km away.

      - This system, designed to address the growing threat of loitering munitions and weaponized drones, utilizes advanced micro-missiles to efficiently detect, target, and destroy enemy drones at a cost-effective rate.

      - Key Trials: In January 2025, the Bhargavastra system underwent successful trials at Gopalpur Seaward Firing Ranges, Odisha, hitting both stationary and moving targets at a range of 2,500 meters. Further extensive trials are planned for potential military induction.

Main Point :-   (i) The Bhargavastra system, designed for the Indian Army, can detect small flying objects up to 6 km away and operate at altitudes of up to 5,000 meters. Its advanced radar can identify medium to large drones within a 10 km range and small drones at 6 km, even with low radar cross-section (RCS).

      (ii) The system can fire over 64 micro-missiles simultaneously, making it an effective and cost-efficient alternative to expensive surface-to-air missiles. It is optimized to counter drone swarms and offers an edge over traditional methods like jamming or spoofing.

(iii) Designed for various terrains, including high-altitude regions, the system is mounted on a mobile platform for rapid deployment, enhancing its adaptability and responsiveness in diverse combat scenarios.

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Indian Army Day Celebrated Globally on 15th January 2025.

Indian Army Day is celebrated every year on 15th January across the globe to honor the courage and dedication of the Indian Army (IA) soldiers.

      - Known as Bhartiya Sena Diwas, it commemorates the appointment of Field Marshal KM Cariappa as the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army in 1949.

      - On Indian Army Day 2025, Prime Minister Narendra Modi commissioned three key naval combatants—Indian Naval Ship (INS) Surat, INS Nilgiri, and INS Vaghsheer—at the Naval Dockyard in Mumbai, Maharashtra.

     

Main Point :-   (i) For the first time, the Nepali Army Band participated in the parade held in Pune, Maharashtra.

      (ii) The Indian Army also displayed its Multi-Utility Legged Equipment (MULES), commonly known as robotic dogs.

(iii) 15th January 2025 marks the 77th Indian Army Day observance.

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DRDO Successfully Completes Field Trials of Nag Mark 2 Anti-Tank Guided Missile.

On January 13, 2025, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), under the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and headquartered in New Delhi, successfully conducted field trials of the Nag Mark 2, an advanced Fire-and-Forget Anti-Tank Guided Missile. The trials were conducted at the Pokhran Field Range in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.

      - Following the successful trials, the Nag Mark 2 and its carrier system are now ready for induction into the Indian Army (IA), marking a significant milestone in India's 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' (self-reliant India) initiative.

      - Nag Mark 2 is a third-generation anti-tank missile, developed indigenously by DRDO, incorporating fire-and-forget technology, allowing high accuracy strikes on targets locked before launch.

      - During three field trials, the missile successfully destroyed all targets, proving its effectiveness at both maximum and minimum ranges, including neutralizing modern armoured threats like tanks with explosive reactive armour (ERA).

Main Point :-   (i) The Nag Mark 2 travels at 230 meters per second and can destroy enemy tanks up to 4 kilometers away within 17-18 seconds.

      (ii) Weighing approximately 45 kg and measuring 6 feet 1 inch, the missile was developed by DRDO at a cost of ₹300 crore.

(iii) The Nag Missile Carrier (NAMICA) Version 2, a vehicle-mounted missile carrier, was also successfully tested, ensuring effective deployment of the Nag Mark 2 missile on the battlefield.

About Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)

Chairman : Sameer Venkatapathy Kamat

Established: 1958

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China Launches 'Shijian-25' Satellite to Experiment with Orbital Refueling in Space.

In January 2025, China successfully launched the 'Shijian-25' satellite into Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO) using a Long March 3B rocket. This marked China’s first space mission of 2025.

      - The launch took place at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in southwest China.

      - This mission also marked the 555th launch of the Long March series of rockets and China’s first rocket launch of the year.

      - The 'Shijian-25' satellite, developed by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST), aims to test technologies for in-orbit refueling and extending satellite lifespans, with the Long March 3B rocket serving as a key vehicle for China’s GTO launches since 1996.

Main Point :-   (i) This mission follows the 2021 launch of the Shijian-21 satellite, which focused on space debris mitigation and was also developed by SAST.

      (ii) The mission aims to improve China's sustainability and reduce costs in space operations by verifying technologies for satellite refueling and extending their operational lifespans.

(iii) The satellite is equipped with advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology for high-resolution imaging and precise spatial data collection, while China also plans additional missions in 2025, including crewed missions to the Tiangong space station and the Tianwen-2 asteroid sample return mission.

About China

President: Xi Jinping

Capital: Beijing

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DRDO Successfully Concludes User Trials of HIMKAVACH Clothing System for Cold Weather Military Operations.

On January 10, 2025, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) announced the successful completion of user trials for its HIMKAVACH multi-layer clothing system in extreme cold weather conditions.

      - The HIMKAVACH multi-layer clothing system aims to enhance soldier performance by improving mobility, comfort, and durability in extreme cold environments.

      - Designed to protect soldiers in temperatures ranging from +20°C to -60°C, it is especially suitable for high-altitude military operations, particularly in the Himalayan region.

     

Main Point :-   (i) The system features a modular, multi-layer structure, enabling soldiers to add or remove layers according to weather conditions, ensuring optimal comfort and mobility.

      (ii) Previously, the Indian Army (IA) utilized the Extreme Cold Weather Clothing System (ECWCS), a 3-layered outfit developed by DRDO's Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS). This system offered insulation, waterproofing, and a reversible outer layer for camouflage in both snowy and non-snowy terrains.

About DRDO

Chairman: Sameer V. Kamat

Headquarters : New Delhi

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Pixxel has announced a partnership with SIIS to provide Hyperspectral Satellite Data in South Korea.

In January 2025, Pixxel, a space technology startup based in Bengaluru (Karnataka) and specializing in hyperspectral earth-imaging technology, announced a partnership with SIIS Co., Ltd., a company based in Korea. This partnership aims to provide hyperspectral satellite data in South Korea.

      - The agreement was signed in November 2024 at the Satellite Utilization Conference in Seoul, South Korea. This marked an important step in supplying hyperspectral data to relevant institutions and companies in the country.

      - The partnership is designed to provide valuable insights that will help businesses and industries address complex challenges.

      - Pixxel's hyperspectral data offers much higher spectral resolution than traditional multispectral data, enabling precise analysis of the Earth's surface and atmosphere (including both physical and chemical properties).

Main Point :-   (i) By partnering with Pixxel, SIIS aims to enhance its market position by combining material insights from hyperspectral imaging with high-resolution spatial data.

      (ii) Pixxel plans to launch its "Fireflies" constellation of six commercial-grade hyperspectral satellites in 2025.

(iii) These satellites will offer 5-meter (m) resolution, a 40-kilometer (km) wide coverage, and the ability to revisit areas daily across hundreds of spectral bands.

About Pixxel

Founder and CEO: Awais Ahmed

Headquarters: Bengaluru

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NASA has unveiled a new Mars design, the "Mars Chopper," which will serve as the successor to the Ingenuity helicopter.

In January 2025, NASA unveiled the design of a new Mars drone called the "Mars Chopper," aimed at advanced exploration of Mars.

      - The Mars Chopper is the successor to the 'Ingenuity Helicopter,' which successfully flew over the surface of Mars for over 3 years. It landed alongside the Perseverance Rover in 2020.

      - Ingenuity Helicopter, a small 1.8 kg helicopter initially designed for 5 experimental test flights over 30 days, exceeded expectations by operating for nearly 3 years, completing 72 flights and flying 30 times farther than originally planned.

     

Main Point :-   (i) Mars Chopper is created by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), based in Southern California (USA), in collaboration with the Ames Research Center (ARC), also in California.

      (ii) The Mars Chopper is a drone-like vehicle, about the size of a Support Utility Vehicle (SUV), and has 6 rotors. Each rotor has 6 blades, which are smaller than those on the Ingenuity Helicopter, but they provide better lift.

(iii) The Mars Chopper can carry up to 5 kg of equipment and can perform more complex tasks. It can also fly longer distances, up to 3 kilometers (km).

About NASA

Founder: Dwight D. Eisenhower

Headquarters: Washington, D.C

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SwetchaSAT-VO and VYOM 2U Successfully Launched on ISRO's PSLV-C60.

On December 30, 2024, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)-C60 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh (AP).

      - The mission carried 24 payloads, including two experimental systems: the SwetchaSAT-VO UHF communication system by N Space Tech India Private Limited and the VYOM 2U green propulsion system by Manastu Space Technologies.

      - Both experiments were part of ISRO's PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM-4) initiative, which repurposes the 4th stage of the PSLV rocket into a stable orbital platform.

      - N Space Tech India successfully tested the SwetchaSAT-VO UHF communication system for faster, reliable communication in remote areas.

Main Point :-   (i) SwetchaSAT-VO aims to enhance communication using Ultra-High-Frequency (UHF) waves, improving mobile and internet services.

      (ii) Manastu Space Technologies successfully tested its VYOM 2U green propulsion system, using environmentally friendly MS289 propellant.

(iii) VYOM 2U propulsion system reached Technology Readiness Level 8 (TRL-8), indicating readiness for commercial deployment.

About ISRO

Chairman : Dr. S. Somanath

Headquarter : Bengaluru

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ISRO has successfully launched the PSLV-C60 mission, named SpaDeX, for a space docking experiment.

On December 30, 2024, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)-C60 rocket from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh (AP). The mission, called Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX), is designed to demonstrate the ability to dock two small spacecraft, SDX01 and SDX02, in space.

      - If successful, India will become the 4th country in the world to have space docking technology, following Russia (the former USSR), the United States (USA), and China.

      - The PSLV-C60 mission was ISRO's 99th launch, and the final docking will take place by January 7, 2025, after completing several operations.

      - The PSLV rocket became the first vehicle to be integrated up to the 4th stage at the PSLV Integration Facility (PIF) at SDSC.

Main Point :-   (i) Spacecraft Docking and Undocking' s The main goal is to successfully dock two spacecraft, SDX01 (the Chaser) and SDX02 (the Target), in space. The process will involve a controlled approach, bringing the spacecraft from a distance of 20 km to just 3 meters before they dock.

      (ii) The docking will be carried out using precise maneuvers, which will be coordinated by ISRO's ISTRAC (ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network) in Bengaluru, Karnataka.

(iii) Once the spacecraft are docked, they will transfer power between each other. Afterward, they will undock and continue their individual operations, which will last for up to 2 years.

About ISRO

Founder: Vikram Sarabhai

Headquarters: Bengaluru

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China Unveils World's Fastest High-Speed Train 'CR450'.

In December 2024, China introduced the CR450, the world's next-generation high-speed train, setting a new benchmark with a top test speed of 450 kilometers per hour (km/h). This surpasses the previous High-Speed Rail (HSR) CR400 Fuxing, which achieved speeds of up to 350 km/h.

      - Developed by China Railway Group Limited (CREC), the CR450 prototype was tested in China, highlighting advancements in technology and engineering.

      - Initiated in 2021, the project focuses on improving safety, energy efficiency, and passenger comfort.

     

Main Point :-   (i) Key features of the CR450 include a streamlined design that reduces energy consumption by 20%. The prototypes, designated as CR450AF and CR450BF, incorporate advanced technologies like water-cooled, permanent magnet traction systems, and high-stability bogie systems.

      (ii) The CR450 offers an enhanced travel experience with larger cabin space, noise reduction, and adjustable storage options for bikes and wheelchairs.

About China

President: Xi Jinping

Capital: Beijing

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China Unveils the World's Biggest Amphibious Assault Ship 'Sichuan' Designed for Fighter Jets.

In December 2024, China launched the world's largest amphibious assault ship, "Sichuan," at a shipyard in Shanghai. This ship is equipped with an electromagnetic catapult, which helps launch fighter jets, boosting China's ability to carry out naval operations far from its shores.

      - The "Sichuan" is the first ship of the Type 076 class, with a weight of 40,000 tons. It is designed to transport ground troops using landing crafts and provide air support during operations.

      - China also introduced its first icebreaker ship, "Tan Suo San Hao," which will be used for scientific and archaeological research.

      - The only operational warship currently using the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) is the USS Gerald R. Ford, part of the United States Navy.

Main Point :-   (i) The Sichuan is the first ship of the Yulan-class landing helicopter assault (LHA), developed by Chinese researchers. It is equipped with "arrestor" technology, allowing fighter jets to land on its deck.

      (ii) Named after the Sichuan province in southwestern China, this dual-use assault ship is seen as a key asset for boosting the Navy's transformation and improving its ability to operate over long distances.

(iii) The Sichuan is over 850 feet long and 170 feet wide. It is designed to carry fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and amphibious equipment.

About China

President: Xi Jinping

Currency: Renminbi (CNY)

__________________________________________

South Korea Successfully Launches Its Third Spy Satellite into Orbit.

In December 2024, South Korea successfully launched its third surveillance satellite into space using a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. The launch took place at the Vandenberg Space Force Base in California, USA. This satellite is equipped with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology.

      - This launch is part of South Korea's "425 Project", which aims to deploy a network of five medium-to-large surveillance satellites.

     

     

Main Point :-   (i) This achievement marks a key step in enhancing South Korea's surveillance capabilities, with the satellite being the third launched within a year, following launches in December 2023 and April 2024.

      (ii) South Korea plans to launch two more satellites by 2025 to reduce its reliance on satellite imagery from the USA.

(iii) With three satellites now in orbit, South Korea can independently monitor North Korea, which continues to expand its weapons programs.

About South Korea

President: Yoon Suk Yeol

Currency: South Korean won

__________________________________________

Amantya Technologies Secures TTDF Scheme Funding for 'India 5G Stack' Development.

On December 24, 2024, Amantya Technologies, based in Bengaluru (Karnataka), was awarded funding under the Telecom Technology Development Fund (TTDF) scheme by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT). The funding is for their project titled "Development of 'India 5G Stack' with the Next-Gen 3GPP Release 16/17 Compliant 'Made in India 5G SA Core' for Public and Enterprise Deployment."

      - The TTDF scheme is managed by the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF), which has recently been renamed as "Digital Bharat Nidhi."

      - The goal of the project is to provide high-speed 5G connectivity to rural and remote areas.

      - The project will create a carrier-grade 5G Standalone (SA) core network solution, in line with the latest 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) standards.

Main Point :-   (i) The solution will include advanced features such as network slicing, Quality of Service (QoS), Voice over New Radio (VoNR), Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC).

      (ii) An agreement for the project was signed at a ceremony in New Delhi, attended by Dr. Rajkumar Upadhyay, CEO of C-DOT (Centre for Development of Telematics), Dr. Parag Agarwal, Deputy Director General of TTDF at DoT, Anuradha Gupta, CEO of Amantya Technologies, and Dr. Pankaj Kumar Dalela, Director of C-DOT.

(iii) The project supports the 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' (Self-reliant India) vision by advancing telecom technology in India, reducing deployment costs, and promoting self-reliance.

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INCOIS has launched a new version of SARAT to enhance sea rescue operations.

In December 2024, the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), developed an updated version of its Search and Rescue Aid Tool (SARAT). This tool is designed to assist in sea rescue operations to locate missing persons or vessels.

      - The Earth System Science Organization's Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (ESSO-INCOIS) first developed SARAT in 2016, based on the LEEWAY model, to support Search and Rescue (SAR) operations in the Indian Ocean region.

      - SARAT improves rescue operations and is available online through the SARAT Portal.

     

Main Point :-   (i) The tool accurately locates a missing person or object using a model that accounts for uncertainties in the initial location and last known time of the object.

      (ii) The movement of lost objects is mostly influenced by winds and currents. SARAT uses model currents from the high-resolution Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS), which runs on High Performance Computers at INCOIS.

(iii) Based on the object's shape and buoyancy, the user can choose from up to 60 different types of missing objects to help with the search.

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BluJ Aerospace has signed an MoU with Blade India for the delivery of 60 VTOL aircraft.

In December 2024, BluJ Aerospace Private Limited, an advanced air mobility (AAM) startup based in Hyderabad (Telangana), signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Blade India, a joint venture (JV) of Blade Air Mobility Inc. and Hunch Ventures, based in Mumbai (Maharashtra). The MoU is for the delivery of 60 Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) aircraft, including 50 BluJ REACH cargo aircraft and 10 BluJ HOP passenger aircraft.

      - The BluJ REACH is expected to be ready for commercial use by 2026-27, while the BluJ HOP is expected to be ready by 2028-29.

     

     

Main Point :-   (i) The BluJ REACH is an unmanned Hydrogen-Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (H2eVTOL) aircraft designed for mid-mile logistics. It has a target range of up to 300 kilometers (km), a payload capacity of 100 kilograms (kg), and can operate for 12-16 hours, enabling efficient same-day deliveries, especially in underserved regions.

      (ii) The BluJ HOP is a piloted Hydrogen-Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (H2eVTOL) aircraft designed for quiet, cost-effective, and safe regional passenger travel.

(iii) In September 2024, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), under the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MOCA), introduced a VTOL policy. BluJ Aerospace Private Limited contributed to this development as part of the DGCA's working group.

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UCSL Launches First of Six 3800 TDW General Cargo Vessels for Norway's Wilson ASA.

Udupi Cochin Shipyard Limited (UCSL), a subsidiary of Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL), has launched the first vessel of a series of six 3800 TDW General Cargo Vessels being built for Wilson ASA of Norway.

      - The vessel was launched by Martine Aamdal Bottheim, Minister Counsellor and Deputy Head of Mission at the Royal Norwegian Embassy in New Delh, along with Einar Tornes, Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of Wilson ASA, and Madhu S. Nair, Chairman and Managing Director (MD) of CSL.

      - Wilson ASA placed the order for these diesel-electric vessels in May 2023. The vessel features a total length of 89.43 meters, a width of 13.20 meters, a design draft of 4.30 meters, and a top speed of 10.30 knots.

      - The vessel is powered by 750 kilowatts (kW) of propulsion power, with two 375 kW electric motors. It is also powered by three 416 kW diesel generators and can accommodate up to 7 people.

Main Point :-   (i) The launch highlights CSL's commitment to the Indian government's initiatives, such as 'Atmanirbhar Bharat', 'Make in India', and 'Make for the World'.

      (ii) Wilson ASA, based in Bergen, Norway, is a leading short-sea fleet operator in Europe, transporting around 15 million tonnes of dry cargo across Europe.

__________________________________________

ISRO and ESA have signed an agreement to collaborate on human space exploration and research activities.

In December 2024, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the European Space Agency (ESA) signed an agreement to work together on astronaut training, mission implementation, and research experiments in space.

      - The agreement was signed by Dr. S. Somanath, Chairman of ISRO and Secretary of the Department of Space (DoS), and Dr. Josef Aschbacher, Director General (DG) of ESA.

      - The agreement establishes a collaborative framework for joint efforts in astronaut training, developing and integrating experiments, utilizing ESA’s facilities on the International Space Station (ISS), conducting biomedical and human research experiments, and organizing joint educational and outreach programs.

     

Main Point :-   (i) For the upcoming Axiom-4 mission, ISRO and ESA are collaborating on experiments selected by Indian Principal Investigators, with the mission featuring ISRO’s Gaganyatri astronaut and an ESA astronaut as part of the crew.

      (ii) Additionally, both agencies are collaborating on ESA's technology tests, human physiological studies, and educational outreach projects.

(iii) Leaders from ISRO and ESA have reaffirmed their commitment to strengthening collaboration and continuing joint efforts in human space exploration.

About ISRO

Founder: Vikram Sarabhai

Headquarters: Bengaluru

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Two Chinese astronauts have set a new world record for the longest spacewalk, surpassing the previous record held by the United States.

According to the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), two Chinese astronauts from the Shenzhou-19 mission, aboard the Tiangong Space Station (TSS), have successfully completed their first Extravehicular Activities (EVAs) (spacewalks) lasting 9 hours. This achievement has set a new world record for the longest spacewalk duration.

      - Mission Commander Cai Xuzhe and Song Lingdong carried out this historic spacewalk outside the Tiangong Space Station while in Low-Earth Orbit (LEO).

      - The spacewalk lasted longer than the previous record of 8 hours and 56 minutes, set in 2001 by NASA astronauts James Voss and Susan Helms.

      - Cai Xuzhe and Song Lingdong, wearing second-generation "Feitian" spacesuits, successfully completed tasks such as installing debris protection on the Tiangong Space Station's (TSS) exterior, showcasing significant advancements over the first-generation suits used during China's first spacewalk in 2008.

Main Point :-   (i) With this spacewalk, Song Lingdong became the first Chinese astronaut born in the 1990s to complete an Extravehicular Activity (EVA).

      (ii) This was the second spacewalk for Mission Commander Cai Xuzhe, who had previously completed a 5.5-hour spacewalk during the Shenzhou-14 mission in November 2022.

(iii) In 1965, the former Soviet Union became the first country to carry out a spacewalk, which lasted about 12 minutes.

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"TDB-DST Extends Support to Agnikul Cosmos to Strengthen India's Space Ecosystem".

The Ministry of Science & Technology has extended its support to Agnikul Cosmos Pvt. Ltd, based in Chennai, to develop and commercialize "Agnibaan," a customizable two-stage launch vehicle. This vehicle can carry payloads of up to 300 kg to orbits at an altitude of 700 km.

      - The initiative is supported by the Technology Development Board (TDB), a statutory body under the Department of Science & Technology (DST).

      - TDB has provided financial assistance for the "Development and Commercialization of a Modular Configurable Launch Vehicle for 100 Kg Payload."

     

Main Point :-   (i) Key People: Rajesh Kumar Pathak (Secretary, TDB), and Srinath Ravichandran and Syed Peer Mohamed Shah Khadri (Founders of Agnikul Cosmos).

      (ii) Agnikul Cosmos has achieved a historic milestone with the successful maiden launch of AgnibaanSOrTeD, the world’s first flight using a single-piece 3D-printed rocket engine.

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Advanced Greenhouse Gas Observation Satellite Launched.

The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite 2 (GOSAT-2), also known as “IBUKI-2,” was launched in October 2018 as a successor to GOSAT, the first satellite dedicated to greenhouse gas observations. GOSAT-2, developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in collaboration with the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) and the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) of Japan, features advanced sensors and improved performance for more accurate and comprehensive data collection. The main sensor, Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation-Fourier Transform Spectrometer-2 (TANSO-FTS-2), offers enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in both the Short Wavelength InfraRed (SWIR) and Thermal InfraRed (TIR) bands. This improvement allows for better data quality and increased accuracy in greenhouse gas concentration analysis, particularly in high-latitude regions during winter. GOSAT-2 introduced an intelligent pointing mechanism to avoid cloud-covered areas, increasing the amount of usable observation data. Additionally, a new spectral band for carbon monoxide (CO) observations has been added, aiding in the evaluation of urban and biomass burning effects. The Cloud and Aerosol Imager-2 (TANSO-CAI-2) on GOSAT-2 also features forward and backward observation directions to avoid sun glint areas, improving cloud detection accuracy.

      GOSAT-2 launched in October 2018 as a successor to GOSAT.

      New spectral band added for carbon monoxide (CO) observations.

      Developed by JAXA, NIES, and MOE of Japan.

Main Point :-   Enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in SWIR and TIR bands.

      Intelligent pointing mechanism to avoid cloud-covered areas.

__________________________________________

ISRO Successfully Conducts Sea Level Hot Test of CE20 Cryogenic Engine

ISRO has carried out a successful sea level hot test of its CE20 Cryogenic Engine with a nozzle area ratio of 100 at the ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu on November 29, 2024. The test demonstrated the performance of a multi-element igniter necessary for engine restart capability, overcoming challenges such as flow separation inside the nozzle. This innovative test method aims to reduce complexity and cost in acceptance testing of cryogenic engines.

      - The test featured a nozzle area ratio of 100 and a multi-element igniter.

      - Test aims to simplify acceptance testing processes.

     

Main Point :-   (i) CE20 engine has been qualified for thrust levels of 19, 20, and 22 tonnes for various missions.

     

About ISRO :

Establishment : August 15, 1969.

Headquarters: Bangalore, Karnataka.

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Manastu Space Hands Over Green Propulsion System to DRDO

Manastu Space Technologies, a Mumbai-based start-up, has handed over its iBooster Green Propulsion System to the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). This hydrogen peroxide-based propulsion technology is designed for 100-500 kg satellites and will undergo testing in an upcoming ISRO mission. It offers enhanced performance, safety, and sustainability, supporting DRDO's satellite missions and showcasing the role of Indian startups in national defense and space capabilities.

      - Designed for 100-500 kg satellites, it supports orbit raising, station-keeping, and deorbiting.

      - Supported by DRDO's Technology Development Fund, highlighting innovation and collaboration.

     

Main Point :-   (i) DRDO's Technology Development Fund supports research and development in defense technologies.

     

About DRDO :

Established: 1958

Headquarters: New Delhi

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Asteria Aerospace Supplies AT-15 VTOL Drones to Enhance Indian Army's Surveillance Capabilities

Asteria Aerospace has delivered its largest-ever contract of AT-15 Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) drones to the Indian Army, boosting surveillance capabilities with advanced features like high-altitude performance and integrated EO-IR cameras.

      - Asteria Aerospace delivers AT-15 VTOL drones to the Indian Army.

      - Drones offer extended flight time and operational range.

     

Main Point :-   (i) Drones enhance surveillance with high-altitude performance and EO-IR cameras.

      (ii) Supports India's Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative for self-reliance.

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China launched the world's first 'self-driving' satellites.

In November 2024, China successfully launched the world's first 'self-driving' satellites, developed by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST), which is a part of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC). This launch marked a significant achievement in China’s commercial space program. It was also the 547th mission of the Long March series of rockets.

      - The two satellites, named Siwei Gaojing-2 03 and Gaojing-2 04, were launched aboard a Long March-2C rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre (JSLC) in northwest China.

      - These satellites will provide high-resolution radar images that can be captured all day and in all weather conditions.

      - These satellites are designed to change or maintain their flight paths on their own, without needing help from ground control. This innovation will revolutionize surveying and mapping in space.

Main Point :-   (i) The satellites, developed by SAST, feature advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology and high-precision radar tools, enabling 100-meter orbital accuracy and formation flying with precision better than 1 meter.

      (ii) The goal of this project is to build a network of at least 28 satellites to provide comprehensive Earth observation data for various industries and uses.

(iii) China's space advancements include the constellation set to be fully operational by 2025, the Ludi Tance 4-01 (world's first geosynchronous orbit SAR satellite) launched in August 2023, and plans to send a humanoid robot to the moon in 2028.

About China

PM : Li Qiang

President: Xi Jinping

__________________________________________

India tests 3,500-km range K-4 nuclear missile from INS Arighaat submarine.

On November 28, 2024, the Indian Navy (IN) successfully tested the K-4 nuclear-capable ballistic missile from its newly commissioned submarine, INS Arighaat.

      - The K-4 missile has a range of 3,500 km, making it an upgrade over the K-15missiles used on INS Arihant, which have a range of 750 km.

      - INS Arighaat, India’s 2nd nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, was commissioned in August 2024, featuring advanced technology developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

      - The submarine is equipped with 4 launch tubes capable of carrying 12 K-15 Sagarika Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs) with a range of 750 km or 4 K-4 SLBMs with a range of 3,500 km.

Main Point :-   (i) The commissioning strengthens India’s nuclear triad with land-based missiles like Prithvi-II (350 km), Agni-I (700 km), Agni-2 (2,000 km), Agni-3 (3,000 km), Agni-5 (over 5,000 km); air-based assets like Sukhoi-30MKI, Mirage-2000, Jaguar, and Rafale fighter jets; and sea-based deterrence through INS Arihant and INS Arighaat.

      (ii) India’s sea-based nuclear deterrence is reinforced by INS Arihant and INS Arighaat, with the third submarine, INS Aridhaman, scheduled for commissioning in 2025.

(iii) Future missile developments include K-5 and K-6 SLBMs, with ranges of 5,000–6,000 km, further enhancing India’s strategic capabilities.

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India Exports Pinaka Weapon Systems to Armenia.

On November 24, 2024, India exported the first batch of the indigenously developed Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launchers (MBRL) to Armenia.

      - In 2022, Armenia and India signed a contract valued at Rs 2,000 crore for the supply of rocket launchers. The Indian side confirmed that Armenia had ordered three models of the Pinaka rocket systems, which were scheduled to be delivered from New Delhi (India's capital) to Yerevan (Armenia's capital) by 2024.

      - Armenia is one of the three largest buyers of Indian weapons and equipment, alongside the United States and France.

      - The Pinaka rockets are manufactured by Solar Industry’s Economic Explosives Limited (EEL), based in Nagpur, and Munitions India Limited (MIL), a government-owned enterprise.

Main Point :-   (i) MBRL was designed by the Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE), a laboratory of the DRDO, with the goal of providing the army with firepower superiority to reduce casualties among soldiers during wartime.

      (ii) It was first used during the Kargil War, where it successfully neutralized Pakistan Army positions.

(iii) India recently delivered two types of defense equipment to Armenia: DRDO-developed rocket launchers and the Akash air defense missile system, demonstrating India's commitment to strengthening Armenia's defense capabilities.

About Armenia

Prime minister: Nikol Pashinyan

Capital: Yerevan

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NASA teams up with Microsoft to introduce Earth Copilot AI, making it easier to access and understand complex Earth data.

In November 2024, NASA partnered with Microsoft to create Earth Copilot, a special AI chatbot that answers questions about Earth with easy-to-understand information.

      - The goal of this collaboration is to change how people search, explore, and analyze NASA's geospatial (location-based) data.

      - This is part of NASA's "Transform to Open Science" initiative, which aims to make over 100 petabytes (1 petabyte = 1 million gigabytes) of satellite images and Earth science data freely accessible to everyone.

     

Main Point :-   (i) Earth Copilot will use natural language processing (a technology that helps computers understand and respond to human language) to make NASA's data easier to access. This lets users ask questions in simple language.

      (ii) NASA worked with Microsoft to develop a proof-of-concept (early model) using Microsoft's Azure cloud platform and AI technology.

(iii) The Earth Copilot chatbot will make it easier for scientists, teachers, policymakers, and the public to access and understand complex data.

About NASA

Founder: Dwight D. Eisenhower

Headquarters: Washington, D.C., United States

__________________________________________

India exports Pinaka rocket systems to Armenia.

On November 24, 2024, the first batch of the Indian-manufactured and most indigenously developed Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launchers (MBRL) were exported to Armenia.

      - In 2022, Armenia and India signed a contract worth Rs 2,000 crore for the supply of rocket launchers. The Indian side confirmed that Armenia had ordered 3 models of Pinaka rocket systems, which were to be transported from New Delhi (Capital of India) to Yerevan (Capital of Armenia) by 2024.

      - Armenia is one of the 3 largest buyers of Indian weapons and equipment along with the United States (US) and France.

      - Pinaka rockets are manufactured by Solar Industry's Economic Explosives Limited (EEL), based in Nagpur, and Munitions India Limited (MIL), a government-owned enterprise.

Main Points:-   (i) MBRL was designed by the Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE), a laboratory of the DRDO, aimed at providing the army with firepower superiority that would reduce casualties to soldiers in war.

      (ii) It was first used during the Kargil War, where it successfully neutralised Pakistan Army positions.

(iii) India simultaneously delivered two types of defense equipment to Armenia: DRDO-developed rocket launchers and the Akash air defense missile system, showcasing its commitment to strengthening Armenia's defense capabilities.

About Armenia:

Prime minister (PM) : Nikol Pashinyan

President : Vahagn Khachaturyan

__________________________________________

NASA Joins Forces with Microsoft to Launch Earth Copilot AI, Simplifying Access to Complex Earth Data.

In November 2024, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) partnered with Microsoft to develop the Earth Copilot, a custom Artificial Intelligence (AI) chatbot designed to respond to users' queries related to Earth with easy-to-understand data.

      - The collaboration aims to transform how users can search, discover, and analyse NASA's geospatial data.

      - It is part of NASA's Transform to Open Science initiative, which seeks to democratize access to over 100 petabytes of satellite imagery and Earth science data.

     

Main Points:-   (i) The Earth Copilot will use natural language processing to simplify access to NASA data. This allows users to interact with NASA's data repository using plain language queries.

      (ii) NASA collaborated with Microsoft to create a proof of concept model using Microsoft's Azure cloud platform and AI capabilities.

(iii) The Earth Copilot chatbot will simplify the process, making the data more simplified and accessible to scientists, educators, policymakers, and the general public.

About NASA

Founder: Dwight D. Eisenhower

Headquarters: Washington, D.C.

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Blue Origin's 28th Space Mission Marks Milestone with Emily Calandrelli as the 100th Woman in Space.

On November 22, 2024, Blue Origin, the United States of America (USA) based launch service provider, successfully completed its 9th human spaceflight and the 28th flight for the New Shepard program (NS-28). This suborbital journey carried 6 tourists into space aboard the New Shepard rocket from Launch Site One in West Texas, USA.

      - The astronaut crew included Emily Dawn Calandrelli, an advocate for STEM education; Sharon Hagle & Marc Hagle, a couple on their second Blue Origin mission; Austin Litteral, whose participation was sponsored by Whatnot, a livestream shopping platform; J.D. Russell, a former game warden and entrepreneur; and Hank Wolfond, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of a Canadian investment firm.

      - Till November 2024, the program has flown 43 humans above the Kármán line, the internationally recognized boundary of space.

      - Emily Dawn Calandrelli, known as 'TheSpaceGal', is an Emmy-nominated television host, a bestselling author, and content creator. She became the first American woman to be the sole host of a nationally broadcast science series.

Main Points:-   (i) Emily Calandrelli became the 100th woman space traveler.

      (ii) She was the 10th woman to fly on a suborbital spaceflight above the Kármán line and the 21st woman to reach space on a suborbital trajectory, including the astronauts who soared higher than the United Nations (UN) recognized altitude of 50 miles (80 kilometers, km) on Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo (SS2) rocket plane.

(iii) She was now among the 94 men and women who have seen Earth from above 50 miles high.

About Blue Origin Space NS-28 Mission

Founder : Jeff Bezoz

Headquarters : Washington DC

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China's J-35 Becomes the Second 5th-Generation Fighter.

In November 2024, China unveiled its fifth-generation stealth fighter jet, the Shenyang J-35, during the 15th China International Aviation and Aerospace Exhibition in Zhuhai, China.

      - With this, China became the second nation in the world, after the United States of America (USA), to possess more than one fifth-generation fighter jet.

     

     

Main Points:-   (i) The J-35 is a twin-engine, single-seat supersonic stealth fighter developed by China for multirole missions.

      (ii) It represents the country's second fifth-generation fighter, following the J-20.

(iii) The J-35's design closely resembles the U.S. Lockheed Martin F-35, with the main difference being that the J-35 is equipped with two engines, while the F-35 has a single engine.

About China

President: Xi Jinping

Capital: Beijing

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ISRO Signs Agreement with Australian Space Agency (ASA) for Gaganyaan Mission Launch.

On November 20, 2024, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) formalised an Implementation Agreement (IA) with Australian Space Agency (ASA) for strengthening the cooperation in space activities between both countries.

      - This initiative enables collaboration between both space agencies on crew and crew module recovery efforts for the Gaganyaan mission (India's first human spaceflight program).

      - India and Australia are enduring strategic partners, working closely and committed to exploring current and future collaborative activities.

      - The IA was signed by DK Singh, Director, Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) on ISRO's side at Bengaluru, India and Jarrod Powell, General Manager, Space Capability Branch, on ASA's side at Canberra, Australia.

Main Points:-   (i) The name Gaganyaan has its roots in Sanskrit, translating to 'sky and vehicle.' The primary objective of this mission is to launch a team of astronauts into space, where they will travel at an altitude of 400 km above Earth in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for a three-day expedition before returning by landing in the Indian Ocean.

      (ii) The launch of the mission is expected to be in 2026. Under the Gaganyaan programme, ISRO will carry out four missions, which include three uncrewed space missions and one crewed mission.

(iii) The first uncrewed mission is scheduled to take place in 2024-25, and the first crewed mission is scheduled in 2025-27.

About Australia

PM : Anthony Albanese

Capital : Canberra

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DRDO's SSPL Develops SiC Wafers and GaN HEMT-Based MMIC Technology.

New Delhi (Delhi) based Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL), a Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) unit, has developed indigenous technologies for manufacturing Silicon Carbide (SiC) wafers and fabricating Gallium Nitride (GaN) High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTS), along with Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs).

      - These advancements are crucial for next-generation defense systems, aerospace, and clean energy sectors.

      - The 4-inch SiC wafers enable high-efficiency power electronics, while GaN HEMTs (up to 150 watt(W)) are essential for high-frequency and high-power applications like radars and electronic warfare.

     

Main Points:-   (i) The MMIC, capable of 40W for X-band frequencies, supports microwave communication and satellite systems.

      (ii) These technologies offer improved efficiency, reduced size, and enhanced performance, making them vital for military systems, 5G/satellite communications, and renewable energy applications.

(iii) Gallium Arsenide Technology Enabling Centre (GAETEC) facility in Hyderabad (Telangana) has successfully initiated limited production of GaN/SiC MMICS, contributing to India's self-reliance in semiconductor technology, aligning with the 'Atma Nirbhar' Bharat initiative.

About DRDO

Chairman: Sameer V. Kamat

Headquarters: New Delhi

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Pixxel launches 'Fireflies' hyperspectral satellite constellation.

Bengaluru (Karnataka) based space start-up Pixxel, which specializes in hyperspectral imaging and Earth observation, has introduced "Fireflies", a constellation of six next-gen hyperspectral satellites. The Fireflies are set to be launched in 2025.

      - The Fireflies will offer unmatched precision with their native 5-meter resolution, more than 150 spectral bands, and a 40-kilometre (km) wide swath that enables the constellation to access any part of the globe on a daily basis.

      - This will deliver critical data like early detection of crop diseases, pinpointing water stress, real-time deforestation monitoring, and tracking ocean pollution.

     

Main Points:-   (i) Fireflies is built to capture the world and provide clarity and detail needed to make impactful decisions for a better future.

      (ii) Pixxel has also planned to expand the constellation to 24 satellites.

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SpaceX Successfully Launches GSAT-20 Satellite from India into Space.

On 19th November 2024, SpaceX's Falcon-9 rocket successfully launched India's Geosynchronous Satellite (GSAT)-N2 (or GSAT-20) from the Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, United States of America (USA).

      - The satellite was developed by NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), the commercial arm of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

      - This marks the first collaboration between NSIL and SpaceX for a satellite launch.

      - The satellite launch cost between USD 60-70 million, with NSIL paying nearly Rs 500 crore for the launch.

Main Points:-   (i) GSAT-N2 or GSAT-20 is a 4,700 kilograms (kg) satellite, heavier than any other indigenous rockets of India. The satellite has a mission life of 14 years and will provide internet and communication services across India, including remote regions.

      (ii) The satellite features a Ka-Band high-throughput communication payload with a capacity of 48 Gbps (Gigabit per second), enhancing data transmission capabilities.

(iii) The satellite is equipped with 32 user beams, of which 8 narrow spot beams cover the Northeast region, while 24 wide spot beams cater to the rest of India.

About ISRO

Chairman : Sreedhara Panicker Somanath

Headquarters: Bengaluru

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DRDO Successfully Conducts Flight Trial of India's First Long-Range Hypersonic Missile.

The Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) of India successfully conducted the flight-trial of India's first long-range hypersonic missile off the coast of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha.

      - This missile can carry various payloads over 1,500 km, enhancing India's military range. It is developed by DRDO.

      - A hypersonic missile travels at speeds above Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound), roughly a mile per second. Unlike ballistic missiles, they are highly maneuverable, making them difficult to detect and intercept.

      - There are two main types: Hypersonic Glide Vehicles (HGVs), launched by rockets and gliding to the target, and Hypersonic Cruise Missiles (HCMs), powered by air-breathing scramjet engines.

Main Points:-   (i) It has been developed through extensive research in various DRDO laboratories, particularly at the Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Missile Complex in Hyderabad, Telangana.

      (ii) While Russia and China are leading in hypersonic missile development, the U.S. is also making progress in this field. Other countries like France, Germany, Japan, and Israel are also involved in hypersonic weapon development.

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DRDO Successfully Conducts Flight Test of Guided Pinaka Weapon System.

On 14th November 2024, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully completed the flight test of Guided Pinaka, a Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher (MBRL) Weapon System as part of Provisional Staff Qualitative Requirements (PSQR) Validation Trials.

      - These trials were conducted by DRDO in three phases across different field firing ranges.

      - During these tests, various parameters of PSQR including ranging, accuracy, consistency and rate of fire for multiple target engagement in a salvo mode were examined by extensive testing of rockets.

      - These tests involved 12 rockets from each production agency from two in-service Pinaka launchers upgraded by the launcher production agencies.

Main Points:-   (i) Guided Pinaka Weapon System is named after Lord Shiva's divine Bow "Pinak". It has replaced the Russian Grad BM-21 rocket launcher for the Indian Army (IA).

      (ii) It consists of two pods, each containing 6 rockets and is capable of firing 12 rockets in salvo mode within 44 seconds (s), covering a target area of 700×500 meters (m).

(iii) It is an indigenous weapon system designed and developed by DRDO's Pune (Maharashtra)-based laboratory, Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE) in partnership with various agencies such as: High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL), Research Centre Imarat, Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) and Proof & Experimental Establishment (P&EE).

About DRDO

Chairman : Dr. Samir Vankatpati Kamat

Headquarters: New Delhi

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Scientists at PRL Discover "TOI-665 1b," a New Planet Five Times Larger Than Earth.

An international team of scientists from the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad (Gujarat) has discovered a new Saturn-sized exoplanet named "TOI-665 1b" orbiting a Sun-like star, TOI-6651.

      - TOI-665 1b, an exoplanet outside our solar system, is five times bigger and 60 times heavier than Earth.

      - The planet was identified using the advanced PARAS-2 (PRL Advanced Radial velocity Abu Sky Search-2) spectrograph. This is the 4th exoplanet discovery by PRL scientists.

      - The planet is located at the edge of the "Neptunian desert," a sub-Jovian desert defined as the region close to a star (period < 2-4 days) where no Neptune-sized (> 0.1 MJ) exoplanets are found.

Main Points:-   (i) The planet orbits TOI-6651 in a close, 5.06-day cycle.

      (ii) The planet's orbit is slightly oval in shape, or eccentric, further distinguishing it from typical gas giants like Saturn in our solar system.

(iii) The star, TOI-6651, is a G-type sub-giant that's slightly larger and hotter than our Sun, with a surface temperature of about 5940 Kelvin (K).

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Defense Space Agency successfully conducts first-ever 'Exercise Antariksha Abhyas 2024'.

Defence Space Agency (DSA) of Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) successfully conducted the Space Table Top Exercise Antariksha Abhyas-2024 from 11th to 13th November 2024 in New Delhi, Delhi.

      - This first-of-its-kind exercise helped in strengthening India's space-based operational capabilities, enhancing the integration of Indian Navy, Army, and Air Force services for space security.

     

     

Main Points:-   (i) The exercise consisted of focused discussions on emerging space technologies, space situational awareness, and India's space program.

      (ii) The 3-day exercise engaged participants in scenario-based exercises conducted by subject experts from various Ministries and Departments of the Government of India, alongside military, scientific, and academic representatives.

(iii) The successful implementation of the exercise provided strategies for operational preparedness, a strong framework for future collaboration, and a clear roadmap for advancing India's space capabilities to meet national security objectives.

About Defence Space Agency

Chief of Defence Staff : General Anil Chauhan

Headquarters : Bengaluru

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Zimbabwe Unveils 'ZIMSAT-2' Satellite to Strengthen Space Program.

Republic of Zimbabwe successfully launched its second satellite, ZIMSAT-2 on the Soyuz-2.1b spacecraft from Vostochny Cosmodrome, in Amur Oblast, Russia.

      - The launch was a joint effort between the Zimbabwe National Geo-Spatial and Space Agency (ZINGSA) and Southwest State University in Kursk, Russia, with help from Zimbabwean engineers and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) students based in Russia.

      - This launch follows the success of Zimbabwe's first satellite, ZIMSAT-1, which was launched in 2022, highlighting the country's ongoing advancements in space technology and innovation.

     

Main Points:-   (i) ZIMSAT-2, a low Earth observation satellite equipped with a high-resolution multispectral camera (8-meter spatial resolution), is designed to support agriculture by monitoring crop health and resource mapping, aid disaster response through early warning systems, enhance environmental surveillance for sustainable practices, and assist geographical research, including the identification of potential mineral resources.

      (ii) The satellite is equipped with a data transmission system that enables it to send collected information back to a ground control station and operates across multiple spectra, including visible and infrared, significantly enhancing its observation capabilities.

About Republic of Zimbabwe

President : Emmerson Mnangagwa

Capital : Harare

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DRDO Successfully Tests Long-Range Land Attack Cruise Missile off Odisha Coast.

On 12th November 2024, The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) conducted the first flight-test of the Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile (LRLACM), with a range of 1,000 kilometers(km), from Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, Odisha.

      - This is a new variant of the Nirbhay LRLACM with improved features. It was launched from a mobile articulated launcher.

      - The LRLACM was developed by Bengaluru(Karnataka)-based Aeronautical Development Establishment(ADE) with contributions from other DRDO laboratories and other industries.

     

Main Points:-   (i)On 11th November 2024, DRDO handed over the Authority Holding Sealed Particulars (AHSP) of P-7 Parachute System to the Directorate General of Quality Assurance (DGQA) by the Agra (Uttar Pradesh-UP) based Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment (ADRDE), a DRDO laboratory.

     

About DRDO

Chairman: Dr. Sameer V. Kamat

Headquarters: New Delhi, Delhi

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SpaceX Successfully Launches Koreasat-6A Communications Satellite into Orbit.

On 11 November 2024, SpaceX (Space Exploration Technologies Corporation) successfully launched Koreasat-6A, a South Korean communication satellite, onboard the Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Cape Canaveral, Florida, The United States of America (USA).

      - The satellite was launched for KT SAT Corporation Limited (South Korea's national satellite operator).

      - It was deployed into geosynchronous transfer orbit about 35 minutes after liftoff.

      - This marks the 23rd flight of the Falcon 9 first-stage booster.

Main Points:-   (i) This launch marks the 107th successful mission for SpaceX this year and the 364th successful booster landing across all Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy missions.

      (ii) The launch of the Koreasat-6A satellite is part of KT SAT's strategy to enhance its satellite infrastructure, including its shift towards multi-orbit satellite capabilities.

(iii) Koreasat 6A was developed by France-based Thales Alenia Space, a joint venture (JV) between French company Thales Group (67%) and the Italian defense company Leonardo (33%).

About SpaceX

CEO: Elon Musk

Headquarters: California

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Japan Launches "LignoSat" the World’s First Wooden Satellite, to Test Space-Grade Wood.

Japan launched 'LignoSat', the world's first wooden satellite into space from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, USA. The satellite is scheduled to orbit the Earth for six months.

      - The satellite was launched on an unmanned SpaceX rocket with the goal of proving that wood is a space-grade material and understanding the feasibility of timber in space.

      - This 10-cubic centimeter (cm3) satellite was designed by researchers at Kyoto University and homebuilder Sumitomo Forestry in Japan.

      - The satellite was sent to the International Space Station (ISS) on a SpaceX mission and will be positioned approximately 400 kilometers (km) above Earth.

Main Points:-   (i) The mini-satellite was launched to test the viability of a renewable material in future space habitation and exploration.

      (ii) The Doi's team is planning an ambitious 50-year strategy to send timber structures to the Moon and Mars. The spacecraft is developed with NASA-certified wooden satellite, validating wood as a space-suited material.

(iii) Wooden satellites offer an environmental advantage as they produce minimal pollution and a low environmental footprint during re-entry, unlike metal satellites that release aluminum oxide; their success could potentially lead to a future ban on metal satellites.

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Russia's Soyuz-2.1b rocket launches 55 satellites, including Iran's Kowsar and Hodhod, from Vostochny Cosmodrome.

On 5th November 2024, Russia launched 55 satellites into orbit, including Iran's two domestically manufactured satellites Kowsar and Hodhod from Vostochny Cosmodrome spaceport in eastern Russia using a Soyuz-2.1b rocket.

      - This is the first time Russia has launched privately built Iranian satellites. This launch marked Russia's 13th launch in 2024.

      - The payload included 51 Russian satellites, one satellite jointly developed by Russian and Chinese teams, and another Russian-Zimbabwean satellite, along with two Iranian satellites.

      - The rocket carried two Russian Ionosphere-M Earth observation satellites for monitoring Earth's ionosphere and space weather, along with the Kowsar satellite for land observation and the Hodhod satellite for communications, both designed and built by the Iranian private space company Omid Faza in Tehran, Iran.

Main Points:-   (i) Previously in 2022, a Russian rocket launched Khayyam, an Iranian Earth observation satellite built in Russia.

      (ii) Iran and Russia have strengthened their ties in various fields, including the economic and military sectors.

(iii) Iran has also sent Shahed drones to Russia under a USD 1.7 billion deal signed in late 2022. Western countries, including the United States, have accused Russia of using these drones in Ukraine.

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Japan Launches H3 Rocket with Defense Satellite on Board.

Japan has successfully launched the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) H3 rocket, carrying the Kirameki No. 3 defense satellite, from the Tanegashima Space Center, located on a southwestern island of Japan.

      - The Kirameki No. 3 satellite was successfully deployed into geostationary orbit.

      - The Kirameki No. 3 satellite is designed for military communication and intelligence gathering, using X-band technology for reliable, secure, and stable communications in all weather conditions.

      - It will enhance Japan's military operations by enabling high-speed data transfer across the Self Defense Forces' ground, maritime, and air units, as well as supporting international peacekeeping missions.

Main Points:-   (i) The H3 rocket, developed by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, is set to replace the aging H-2A series with a more cost-effective and versatile design for both civilian and military missions.

      (ii) This launch marks the H3's third consecutive successful flight after a problematic debut last year, which ended in mid-flight failure.

About Japan

Prime Minister : Shigeru Ishiba

Capital : Tokyo

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Scientists Uncover Hidden 6th Ocean 700 km Beneath Earth's Surface.

Scientists have revealed the discovery of a vast underground 6th ocean, located around 700 km below Earth's mantle, three times larger than all surface oceans combined.

      - Unlike surface oceans, this reservoir consists of water trapped within the crystalline structure of a blue mineral called ringwoodite.

      - The discovery was made using seismic data from thousands of earthquakes, revealing this hidden water storage.

     

Main Points :-   - The study was led by geophysicist Steven Jacobsen, who contributed to identifying the unique characteristics of this underground ocean.

      - This reservoir's defining feature is water locked within the molecular structure of ringwoodite, differing from liquid water.

- The finding challenges existing theories about Earth's water reservoirs and offers new insights into the planet's water cycle and geological processes.

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ISRO Launches India's First Analog Space Mission in Leh, Ladakh.

India's first Mars and Moon analog mission launched in Leh, Ladakh, aims to simulate life in interplanetary habitat. The mission is a collaboration between ISRO, AAKA Space Studio Private Limited, University of Ladakh, IIT Bombay and LAHDC.

      - Supports India's space exploration goals, esp. Gaganyaan program for sending astronauts to space.

      - Other space agencies and private entities are conducting analog missions too. NASA's Analog Missions Project and AATC in Poland focus on human physiology, operational training, and tech testing in simulated extraterrestrial environments.

     

Main Points:-   (i) Ladakh was chosen for its environmental similarities to Mars and Moon, with extreme temp shifts (15°C to -10°C), high altitude (3,500 meters), and low oxygen (40% of sea level).

      (ii) Ideal for testing life support, thermal insulation, and rover mobility, with rocky, sandy soil resembling Martian and lunar regolith.

(iii) The mission includes a compact inflatable habitat, Hab-1, with facilities like a hydroponics farm, kitchen, and sanitation. It features airlocks, EVA zones, circadian lighting, and environment monitoring to simulate a self-sustaining habitat.

About Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)

Chairman : Dr. Sreedhara Panicker Somanath

Headquarters : Bengaluru

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NASA Unveils Prototype Telescope for First Space-Based Gravitational Wave Observatory.

The United States-based National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has unveiled the prototype for six telescopes, known as the Engineering Development Unit Telescope, which is designed to study gravitational waves in outer space.

      - The telescope was manufactured and assembled by L3Harris Technologies in Rochester, New York, USA.

      - The telescope was developed as part of a collaborative mission with the European Space Agency (ESA), called the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). The mission involves a triangular formation of three spacecraft and is expected to launch in the mid-2030s.

     

Main Points:-   (i) The telescope was developed as part of a collaborative mission with the European Space Agency (ESA), called the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). The mission involves a triangular formation of three spacecraft and is expected to launch in the mid-2030s.

      (ii) Each spacecraft will be equipped with two telescopes to detect infrared laser beams from the other spacecraft. A gravitational wave will be identified when one of the spacecraft alters its characteristic pattern.

(iii) The prototype is made from an amber-colored glass-ceramic material called Zerodur, manufactured by Schott in Mainz, Germany.

About NASA

Administrator : Bill Nelson

Headquarters : Washington, D.C

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China Launches Shenzhou-19 with Three New Crew Members to Join its Tiangong Space Station.

On 30th October 2024, China successfully launched its Shenzhou-19 spaceship with three astronauts on board, including two men and one woman, for a six-month mission to its Tiangong Space Station (TSS) in low Earth orbit.

      - The spacecraft was launched aboard a Long March-2F carrier rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in northwest China.

      - This mission marks the 33rd flight of China’s manned space program and the 4th crewed mission during the application and development phase of the TSS.

      - China launched its first crewed mission in 2003, becoming the third country to do so after Russia (formerly the Soviet Union) and the United States.

Main Points:-   (i) The new crew includes Mission Commander Cai Xuzhe, who previously flew to space on the Shenzhou-14 mission in 2022.

      (ii) The spaceship is tasked with performing a fast, automated rendezvous and docking with the front port of the TSS core module "Tianhe" in about 6.5 hours, forming a combination of three modules and three spacecraft.

(iii) The crew will conduct 86 space research and technology experiments across a variety of fields, including space life science, microgravity fundamental physics, and space material science.

About China National Space Administration(CNSA)

Administrator : Zhang Kejian

Secretary General : XU Hongliang

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India's Indigenous Handheld Anti-Drone Gun 'Vajra Shot' Unveiled with 4 Km Range

The Vajra Shot, an innovative handheld anti-drone gun developed by Big Bang Boom Solutions, a technology startup based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, was showcased at 'Swavlamban 2024' – Indian Navy's Naval Innovation and Indigenisation Organisation (NIIO) Seminar organized by the Indian Navy (IN) at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi.

      - It has been deployed in the Indian Army (IA) and the Indian Air Force (IAF).

     

     

Main Points:-   (i) The Vajra Shot can detect and jam drone signals at a distance of up to 4 kilometers (Km).

      (ii) Weighing only 3.5 kilograms (Kg), the gun is designed for portability and ease of use, allowing soldiers to carry it comfortably during missions.

(iii) The device boasts a long battery life, providing up to 9 hours of uninterrupted operation.

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China Launches Three Tianping-3 Satellites into Orbit.

On 22nd October 2024, China successfully launched three Tianping-3 satellites from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in Shanxi Province using a Long March-6 carrier rocket, placing the satellites into their designated orbit.

      - The three launched satellites are Tianping-3A (01), В (01), and B (02) satellites.

      - This mission marked the 13th launch of the Long March 6 model and China's 50th space launch of the year. It also marked the 541st flight mission of the Long March carrier rocket series.

     

Main Points:-   (i) The satellites will primarily be used for calibrating ground radar equipment and measuring radar cross sections.

      (ii) The satellites will support imaging tests for ground optical equipment, conduct detection and monitoring tests of the low-orbit space environment, and provide services for atmospheric space environment surveys and corrections to orbit prediction models.

About China

President: Xi Jinping

Official language: Mandarin

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